Magnetoelectric MOFs for ferroptosis-driven and immune-enhanced glioblastoma therapy

This study explores the innovative application of magnetoelectric metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for inducing ferroptosis in glioblastoma (GBM), aiming to transform both therapeutic precision and diagnostic efficacy. MOFs, with their tunable chemical and physical properties, serve as versatile platforms for precision oncology. Here, magnetoelectric MOFs are engineered to harness electromagnetic fields, regulating intracellular iron redox states to elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and drive lipid peroxidation-the hallmark of ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent form of programmed cell death.To enhance tumor specificity, these MOFs are conjugated with extracellular vesicles (EVs), enabling selective delivery to GBM cells and minimizing off-target toxicity. This targeted system not only improves therapeutic efficacy but also reduces side effects. Moreover, the magnetoelectric MOFs are MRI-compatible, allowing real-time tumor imaging and precise localization. This dual diagnostic-therapeutic capacity offers a powerful, non-invasive treatment strategy.Beyond direct cytotoxicity, MOF-induced ferroptosis promotes the release of tumor-associated antigens, triggering immune activation and potentially initiating immunogenic cell death (ICD). This immunomodulatory effect broadens therapeutic benefit by reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Collectively, this multifunctional MOF-based platform integrates diagnostics, therapy, and immunogenic modulation, representing a paradigm shift for treating one of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant cancers.